Some meteorites record and can reveal
the conditions in the protoplanetary
disk. Many meteorites date from 4.5 billion
years ago.
There are several basic types of
meteorites:
Interesting sub-subclass: carbonaceous
chondrites, which have water and
carbon compounds -- and often amino
acids -- in them.
There are also known meteorites from
the Moon and from Mars.
A convenient reference guide
(which also answers the question, "How
do I know if this cool rock I just picked
up is a meteorite?") can be
found
here.